Moldable thermoplastic polymer foam beads

ABSTRACT

A continuous process for making moldable foam beads comprising a non-crosslinked or crosslinked thermoplastic polymer foam are produced by mixing a composition comprising a non-crosslinkable or crosslinkable thermoplastic polymer or a thermoplastic polymer with a crosslinking agent, additives to achieve specific properties, a blowing agent, extruding the admixture under pressure, crosslinking, when applicable, the admixture under pressure, modulating the admixtures temperature to achieve the desired foaming properties, and then expanding the admixture in a zone of lower pressure to form a foam bead that can be molded.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns a process for making moldable beads offoamed thermoplastic polymers, and particularly beads of non-crosslinkedand crosslinked thermoplastic polymers, such as polystyrene andnon-crosslinked and crosslinked polyolefins, as well as any otherfoamable crosslinked and non-crosslinked thermoplastic polymers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Foamable polystyrene beads are relatively easy to make. In a typicalmethod, polystyrene resin is impregnated with an expanding agent,usually pentane, during polymerization, or else resin particles areimpregnated with the expanding agent after polymerization. Theseparticles are then subjected to steam to partially expand them.

Foamable polystyrene beads are also easy to mold. In a typical method,the pre-expanded beads are fed into a mold and subjected to pressurizedsteam where they expand, fuse together, and conform to the shape of themold. Such moldings are useful as decoration, insulation, and protectivepackaging.

However, expanded polystyrene moldings suffer from many disadvantages.Since polystyrene exhibits poor solvent resistance and is unstable athigh temperatures, moldings made from polystyrene cannot be used formany applications. Furthermore, expanded polystyrene foam is generallybrittle and fragile and possesses poor cushioning properties. Theseproperties limit its use as protective packaging for fragile items suchas computers and other delicate instrumentation. In addition,polystyrene foam does not stand up well to repeated impacts. In fact,the cushioning ability of the molding is usually severely impaired afterjust one impact.

The preparation of thermoplastic polymer foams by extruding aheat-plastified mixture of thermoplastic resin and a blowing agent iswell known in the art and is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,740,157,3,067,147, 3,413,387, 3,413,388, 3,431,163, 3,431,164, 3,808,300,3,954,929, 3,966,381, 4,640,933, 4,663,361, and 4,694,027, and inCanadian Patent No. 451,854, as well as in other literature pertainingto the art.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,450,436 discloses a method for the preparation ofcellular thermoplastic polymer products. There, a solid thermoplasticresin, e.g., polystyrene, and a normally gaseous agent such as methylchloride, methyl ether, propylene, or butylene are held in a closedvessel under pressure at a temperature below the critical temperature ofthe normally gaseous agent until a homogeneous mobile gel is obtained.Thereafter, an outlet is opened to permit flow of the gel from thevessel. During flow of the mobile gel from the pressurized vessel into azone of lower pressure, the resin is swollen by vaporization andexpansion of the dissolved volatile substance to form a stable cellularproduct consisting for the most part of individual closed thin-walledcells.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,515,250 describes a method of forming under pressure amixture of predetermined proportions of a normally gaseous agent and athermoplastic resin, and storing the mixture by feeding the same into apressurized storage vessel in which it is maintained at a desiredtemperature until a homogeneous mobile gel or solution is obtained,prior to extrusion and expansion of the resin.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,067,147 discloses a method for the preparation of acellular mass from thermoplastic resin by incorporating a gas orvolatile organic liquid in the thermoplastic resin to be foamed. Themixture is heated to a temperature at which it becomes plastic andvapors of gas or volatile liquid expand the softened resin to form acellular mass.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,387,730 teaches a method of making cellular polyethyleneby impregnating a molten polymer with a gas which is soluble thereinunder pressure. The polymer is then expanded by partially releasing thepressure while maintaining the temperature, followed by cooling theexpanded polymer.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,808,300 discloses a method for the preparation of closedcellular olefin polymers using a mixture of a citric acid salt, acarbonate or bicarbonate as the nucleating agent, and n-butane-isobutanemixtures for the foaming agent.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,640,933, 4,633,361 and 4,64,027 disclose methods forthe preparation of expandable polyolefin compositions using isobutaneand mixtures of isobutane, chlorofluorocarbons and fluorocarbons or amixture of at least 70% isobutane and other hydrocarbons as the blowingagent for long chain fatty acids with polyols.

The preparation of thermoplastic foams containing either an antistaticagent or a flame retardant agent is well known in the art and isdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,298,710, 4,556,680, 4,626,563, 4,293,656,4,286,071, 4,337,319 and 4,219,466.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,710 describes an antistatic resin composition of 100parts of a nitrile copolymer and 0.05 to 10 parts of a surfactant addedthereto as an antistatic additive. The nitrile copolymer comprises 7 to100% of a nitrile graft formed by polymerizing a monomer mixture of aspecific composition onto a rubber trunk polymer predominantlycomprising a conjugated diolefin and/or an acrylate, and 0 to 93% of anitrile random copolymer of a specific composition.

United States Defensive Publication T953,006 (Dec. 7, 1976) describesantistatic cellular polyolefin products and articles thereof. Thecellular composition includes an antistatic agent, especially an aminehaving at least one long aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain or a salt thereof,especially a quaternary ammonium salt.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,563 discloses the preparation and use of flameretardant carbonate polymers containing an aromatic sulfimide, amonomeric or polymeric halogenated organic compound, a metal sulfatehaving a pka from 1 to 5 and a fibril forming polytetrafluoroethylene asadditives in effective amounts giving carbonate polymers that not onlyare flame retardant, but are melt stable (i.e. show little loss inmolecular weight during processing or melt shearing).

U.S. Pat. No. 4,293,656 describes a polystyrene foam combined with ahalogen-containing flame retardant and 2,2bis(4-allyloxy-3,5-dibromophenyl) propane, which is a synergist, presentin a 0.01 to 1.0 weight percent based on the weight of polystyrene.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,071 and 4,337,319 teaches the use of brominecompounds and one synergist to make expandable styrene polymer flameretardant.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,219,071 and 4,337,319 teach the use of brominecompounds and one synergist to make expandable styrene polymer flameretardant.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,466 describes a resin composition having high impactresistance, improved release property, and reduced flammability bymixing a polymer containing a major amount of monovinyl aromaticmonomer, a block copolymer consisting essentially of styrene andbutadiene, an amorphous alpha olefin polymer, a halide containing flameretardant compound, and an antimony compound.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,554 discloses combining an antistatic agent and aflame retardant agent into a thermoplastic resin, but does not mentionpotential use of the combination in a thermoplastic foam.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,680 describes the preparation and use of polystyreneexpandable beads having antistatic properties by adding antistaticcompounds to the beads during the pre-expansion step. This patent alsodiscloses combining a flame retardant agent with the antistatic agent tomake a polystyrene expandable bead that has antistatic and flameretardant properties, but no mention is made of using this technology tomake polyethylene foam.

Although the foregoing references indicate that formation of a cellularthermoplastic polymer mass is well known and that numerous practicaltechniques are available, and further that either an antistatic agentand/or a flame retardant agent can be incorporated into the cellularthermoplastic mass, none of these references recognize or appreciate theadvantages which stem from combining an antistatic agent and a flameretardant agent into non-crosslinked or crosslinked thermoplasticpolymer foam bead, such as a polyolefin cellular bead, using a singleextrusion process. Since it was previously impossible to obtain suchnon-crosslinked or crosslinked polyolefin foam beads from commercialsuppliers, it has been necessary to coat polyolefin foam beads orarticles made therefrom with other foams, films, foils and/or liquid ordry coatings.

In many end-use applications, it is desirable to obtain polyolefin foamsthat will not build up static electricity charges and will not burn. Theadvantages of this type of foam include safer shipping and saferwarehousing or storage of sensitive electronic circuits aboard ships andplanes, especially in military craft.

Foams molded from polyolefin beads overcome may of the drawbacks ofthermoplastic foams, such as polystyrene foams. Some generally availablepolyolefin foam beads include non-crosslinked or crosslinkedpolypropylene or polyethylene. Both of these materials possess greatersolvent resistance than polystyrene and are also more resistant to hightemperature. Furthermore, polyolefin foam is much more resilient andflexible than polystyrene foam and, therefore, has greater use in thepackaging of fragile items. Polyolefin foam also maintains much of itscushioning effect after even many impacts and, therefore, lends itselffor use as packaging for long distance transport or reusable packages.

In the case of some thermoplastics, such as polyethylene, asubstantially crystalline polymer, the temperature range for goodmolding of foam beads is quite narrow. If the molding temperature is toolow poor fusion will result, the molding will not possess optimum tearresistance, and large voids or unfused pockets could exist in themolding. If the molding temperature is too high, the polyethylenebecomes too flowable and the structural integrity of the foam isdestroyed, resulting in a collapsed, misshapen molding.

To give the polyethylene a greater resistance to temperature and towiden the temperature range for molding, polyethylene is crosslinked.This allows the polyethylene foam to be molded using steam as the heatsource without the polyethylene suffering decomposition.

Moldable crosslinked polyethylene foam beads are presently manufacturedin several ways. Polyethylene beads containing a chemical crosslinkingagent, such as dicumyl peroxide, and can be suspended in an aqueoussolution and heated to the proper temperature to trigger thecrosslinking reaction. Polyethylene resin can also be crosslinked bysubjecting the particles to high energy radiation, such as X-rays orelectron beams. The resultant crosslinked resin particles can then beimpregnated with a hydrocarbon or chlorofluorocarbon blowing agents, orthe like, such as butane, pentane, dichlorodifluoromethane, etc., bycharging an aqueous suspension of the crosslinked polyethylene beadsunder pressure with the blowing agent. The solution is then heated andstirred in an autoclave to impregnate the beads with the blowing agent.Such processes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,087 and 4,436,840.

Since the blowing agent incorporated in the crosslinked polyethyleneparticles will readily dissipate, the expandable beads must be storedunder pressure or at lower temperatures than ambient or, as is moreoften the case, immediately pre-expanded. The expansion ratio of thesepre-expanded beads is usually between 10 and 45 to 1. Before molding,the beads are usually subjected to a pressurizing step wherein the beadsare placed in a container which is charged with pressurized gas, usuallyair or a chlorofluorocarbon/air mixture. Such processes are described,for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,087 and 4,443,393. This seep raisesthe pressure of the gas inside the cells of the foam beads to aboveatmospheric pressure, thus imparting the additional expandability neededduring molding. The beads must be molded soon after this step or theadditional pressure inside the cells of the beads will be dissipated.

In another method, low density polyethylene resin and a hydrocarbon orchlorofluorocarbon blowing agent are melt mixed and extruded intostrands which are cut into beads. These beads are then exposed to highenergy radiation to induce crosslinking and to impart to the beads thethermal resistance needed to easily mold the particles. These beadsrequire special molding equipment as no additional expandability isincorporated into the beads prior to molding.

The aforementioned chemical method of crosslinked polyethylene beadmanufacture is disadvantageous in that a relatively large and expensiveautoclave-type reactor is needed to impregnate the resin with theblowing agent. Furthermore, the method is a batch process wherein acertain quantity of the moldable crosslinked polyethylene beads aremanufactured. After a batch of the beads are formed, the entire quantitymust be promptly treated and/or stored. This requires large storagefacilities. In addition, the beads must be pressure treated prior tomolding to impart additional expandability to the foam. This processrequires substantial time, as the beads will be destroyed or damaged ifthe pressurizing step is carried out too quickly. Therefore, largepressure containers are needed to perform the operation economically.

Using the radiation process discussed, the crosslinked beads can be madeon a relatively inexpensive extruder equipped with the proper equipmentfor granulating the foamed extrudate. However, a relatively expensiveand cumbersome radiation source is required to crosslink the foam.Furthermore, as it is generally not feasible to perform the crosslinkingstep at a large number of manufacturing locations, the process generallyrequires the crosslinking step to be performed at a single, large,central manufacturing facility, or at a handful of such facilities.Furthermore, since high energy radiation does not easily or quicklypenetrate into the foamed plastic structure, the degree of crosslinkingis often much less on the inside portions of the foamed beads than onthe outsides, causing the beads to have deficient thermal resistance.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,413,244 discloses a process for producing cellularpolyolefin products in which a particulate unfoamed polyolefin is foamedwithin a mold and is simultaneously grafted and crosslinked by units ofcompounds containing two non-conjugated ethylenically-unsaturated doublebonds.

International Application No. PCT/F184/00079, International PublicationNumber WO 85/01944, discloses foamed, silane-crosslinked polyolefin foamcable coverings which are described as relatively hard and rigid and areproduced by extruding a mixture containing polyethylene, a silanehydrolyzable with water, a condensing catalyst and a foaming agent suchas water.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,333,898 discloses a method for the production ofrelatively high density foamed polymers (such as polyethylene) in whichthe polymer is mixed with a silane, which grafts thereto, and which isthen extruded to provide a jacket for a cable or the like. A moist,inert gas is injected into the extruder just prior to extrusion to causethe polymer to foam and the silane-grafted polymer to crosslink.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,456,704 discloses a method for producing crosslinkedpolyethylene foams. The method utilizes a mixture of a polyolefin resin,a blowing agent, and, optionally, a surface active agent. The polyolefinresin contains a crosslinkable ethylene polymer having on the sidechains thereof silyl groups which effect crosslinking upon contact withwater. The ingredients are mixed, and the mixture is extruded into a lowpressure zone where the resulting extrudate (e.g., in sheet form) isallowed to expand. The expanded extrudate is then brought into contactwith a silanol condensing catalyst so that the expanded extrudate iscrosslinked upon contact with water.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,606,873 discloses a process for making polystyrenebeads, but does not mention polyolefins or crosslinking of thepolyolefins prior to expansion.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,111 discloses a process for making moldable foambeads comprising a silane-crosslinked polyolefin foam. The beads aremade by mixing a composition comprising a silane-modified polyolefin(such as a silane-grafted polyethylene) and a silanol condensationcatalyst in an extruder to produce a melt, then injecting a blowingagent into the melt at a rate effective to produce a desired foamdensity in the extrudate. The foamed polyolefin is then extruded and cutto form foam beads, and the beads are exposed to moisture to producesilane crosslinking of the polyolefin foam.

The foregoing references do not disclose, recognize or appreciate theadvantages of making a moldable, non-crosslinked or crosslinkedthermoplastic polymer foam bead, such as those made from crosslinkablesilane grafted polyolefins or chemically crosslinked polyolefins,according to the method and apparatus disclosed in the presentapplication. The foregoing references also do not disclose, recognize orappreciate the advantages of such a method wherein the polyolefins arecrosslinked before they are foamed to enhance the processingcharacteristics of the foam beads and to enhance the properties of thefoam and articles made from the polyolefin foam beads. Such advantagesinclude the increase of melt strength, smaller cell diameter, bettercushioning characteristics, and higher melting points.

In addition, none of the aforementioned references disclose a method forthe manufacture of a moldable non-crosslinked or crosslinked foam beadin which the bead comprises either (1) a non-crosslinked thermoplasticthat is foamable; (2) a chemically crosslinked polyolefin, made from amixture comprising a polyolefin with a chemical crosslinking agent thatis placed in an extruder to produce a melt; or (3) a silane-crosslinkedpolyolefin foam made by mixing a composition comprising asilane-modified polyolefin (such as a silane-grafted polyethylene) and asilanol condensation catalyst in an extruder to produce a melt;injecting a blowing agent into the melt at a rate effective to produce adesired foam density in the extrudate; extruding the melt into apressurized atmosphere that is sufficient to prevent appreciableexpansion of the polyolefin; cutting the melt and thus formingnon-foamed beads suspended in a conveying media, such as water;conveying the beads through a zone where they are crosslinked whenrequired; conveying the beads through a zone where the temperature ofthe beads is regulated to a desired or effective temperature forfoaming; and expelling the beads to a lower pressure where they expandto form moldable non-crosslinked or crosslinked foam beads in acontinuous manner.

Improved methods of producing moldable beads of foamed thermoplasticpolymers, such as polyethylene or polypropylene, are clearly needed thatdo not require pressure treatment or radiation and that take advantageof the cellular orientation and strength achieved when expanding apolyolefin that is at its ideal extrusion temperature and/or that isalready crosslinked.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method of producing moldable expandednon-crosslinked or crosslinked thermoplastic polymer foam beads thatrequires only relatively simple, inexpensive equipment to implement. Themethod is such that the beads may be produced economically at anydesired location, and in any desired quantity. Thermoplastic polymerfoam beads and articles made according to the method of the presentinvention have a composite structure made up of an antistatic agentand/or a flame retardant agent which, when combined and produced inaccordance with this invention, have improved usefulness because oftheir properties. The new thermoplastic polymer foam beads, includingpolyolefin foam beads, are produced in a single operation and costsubstantially less to produce than those made with a coating process orby the secondary lamination of articles made from the beads.

Various types of antistatic additives and flame-retardant agents can beused to produce the thermoplastic polymer and polyolefin foam beads ofthe present invention. Furthermore, the foam beads can be made into amultitude of shapes, such as sheets, rods, planks or other forms. Theseproducts may be modified further by cutting, laminating or stacking.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a conventional foam extruder and die;

FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of a first embodiment of an extruder diesuitable for use with the method of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of a second embodiment of an extruder diesuitable for use with the method of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of the extruder assembly used to implementthe methods of the present invention; and

FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of a third embodiment of an extruder diesuitable for use with the method of the present invention.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

These benefits and other advantages are achieved by combining antistaticand flame-retardant agents into a thermoplastic foam shape in acontinuous process. The foam passes through a heated pliable state to acooled set state during preparation, using a process described below.

Any thermoplastic polymer can be used in this invention to make moldablefoam beads. One group of thermoplastics that has achieved marketacceptance as a moldable foam bead is the polyolefins. Although anyextrudable, foamable polyolefin composition maybe used, a polyolefinpolymer that is solid under standard conditions is preferred. Exemplarypreferred polyolefins include the organic addition polymers orcopolymers of the monomers discussed below. Other appropriatepolyolefins will be apparent to one skilled in the art.

In accordance with the present invention, moldable non-crosslinked orcrosslinked polyolefin foam beads are produced. The polyolefin ispreferably selected from the group consisting of medium densitypolyethylene, low density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene,polypropylene, polybutylene, and copolymers of olefin monomers havingfrom 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, and most preferably is low density orlinear low density polyethylene.

Suitable polymers of ethylene, propylene, butene-1, and isobutene can beused. Also suitable are copolymers of these monomers, ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, ethylene/acrylic copolymers and the like. Blends ofthe above-named polymers and copolymers are also included. Especiallypreferred thermoplastic polymers are polyethylenes, ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/methylacrylic copolymers and ionomer salts of such acid copolymers. Anythermoplastic polymer and/or blend of polymers that is substantiallynon-crosslinked or crosslinked and that is foamable can also be used forthe process described herein.

In practice, cellular thermoplastic polymer bodies are prepared inaccordance with the present invention by blending a nucleating agentwith a thermoplastic such as polystyrene, a polyolefin, a crosslinkablepolyolefin, or a polyolefin and a crosslinking agent. Where required, achemical blowing agent, an antistatic agent and/or a flame retardantagent or other additives may be used to enhance specific properties. Theblend is then processed under pressure and is heated in apressure-resistant vessel at temperatures between about 150° C. to 230°C. When required, a blowing agent is injected into the vessel to form anadmixture with the blend at a temperature at least as high as themelting point of the polymer, until a uniform or substantially uniformflowable gel is obtained. Thereafter, the admixture is extruded anddischarged through a suitable orifice into a pressurized zone. Theextruded material is cut into beads and is crosslinked when applicable,its temperature is adjusted to a desired and/or suitable range forfoaming, and it is then expelled to a lower pressure where it foams andis then cooled.

The present invention provides an improved and economical method formaking foam beads from thermoplastic polymers such as polystyrene orpolyolefin polymers. The foam beads are normally molded into shapes thatare useful for a variety of purposes, such as insulation, flotation andprotective packaging. The products possess a highly uniform, fine-cellstructure consisting mainly of thin-walled, closed cells. The productsmade from the foam beads are flexible and tough. Finely divided solidmaterials, such as calcium silicate, zinc stearate, magnesium stearate,and the like, can advantageously be incorporated into the polymer or gelprior to expanding the same. These finely divided materials aid incontrolling the size of the cells and are employed in amounts of from0.01 to 10 percent by weight of the polymer.

This invention relates to expandable thermoplastic polymers, such asstyrene or olefin polymer compositions and processes, and moreparticularly to expandable modified thermoplastic polymer compositionshaving dimensional stability and utilizing a blowing agent selectedfrom, but not limited to, volatile organic compounds.

It is well known to prepare thermoplastic polymer foams by heatplastifying a normally solid thermoplastic polymer resin, admixing suchheat plastified resin with a blowing agent under heat and pressure toform a flowable gel and thereafter extruding the gel into a zone oflower pressure and temperature to activate the blowing agent and expandand cool the gel to form the desired solid thermoplastic foam product.

However, a problem frequently encountered with some thermoplastic foams,especially polyolefins such as polyethylene, is that of preventing anunacceptable degree of shrinkage of partially cured foam during theaging or curing period following production of the foam. During theaging or curing period the blowing agent employed gradually diffuses outof the cells in the foam product and air gradually diffuses into thecells in place thereof. Until quite recently, it was believed that onlyone volatile hydrocarbon blowing agent, namely1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane, was capable of providing sufficientdimensional stability during the curing period to permit thecommercially viable manufacture of low density (e.g., 1 to 6 lbs/ft³, or16 to 96 kg/m³) foams of ethylenic polymer resins. That is, onlydichlorotetrafluoroethane was believed to diffuse out of the foam cellsslowly enough to prevent cell wall collapse while air was slowlydiffusing into the cells.

More recently, permeability modifiers or stability control agents havebeen developed for incorporation into polyolefins in an attempt to slowthe diffusion of volatile hydrocarbon blowing agents out of polyolefinfoam cells. The objective of these permeability modifiers is to renderthe foams more dimensionally stable to a wider variety of volatilehydrocarbon blowing agents. For purposes of this invention, the terms"permeability modifier" and "stability control agent" will be usedinterchangeably and will refer to compositions incorporated into thepolyolefin to slow diffusion of volatile hydrocarbon blowing agents fromthe foam cell walls. For example, Watanabe et al, U.S. Pat. No.4,214,054, teaches the production of polyolefin foams utilizing volatilehydrocarbon blowing agents. Permeability modifiers such as saturatedhigher fatty acid amides, saturated higher aliphatic amines, and estersof saturated higher fatty acids are incorporated into the polyolefincomposition prior to expansion.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,779 also teaches ethylenic polymer foams havingimproved dimensional stability and teaches the use of a copolymer ofethylene and an unsaturated carboxylic acid as a stability controlagent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,347,329 teaches the use of a fatty acid amidesuch as stearamide for use in polyolefin foams as a stability controlagent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,510 further teaches the use of fatty acidamide stability modifier agents to produce polyolefin foams havingimproved elevated temperature dimensional stability. U.S. Pat. No.3,644,230 discloses a method for preventing post extrusion cell collapsein polyolefin foams by the incorporation of a small amount of a partialester of a long chain fatty acid and a polyol. U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,208discloses a method for preventing post extrusion cell collapse in vinylcopolymer foams by the incorporation of a small amount of a partialester of a long chain fatty acid and a polyol.

The use of such permeability modifiers permits the use of a widervariety of volatile blowing agents. The more inexpensive volatileblowing agents, such as isobutane, can be utilized in conjunction withstability control agents to stop shrinkage. When isobutane has been usedalone as the blowing agent in polyolefin foams without the stabilitycontrol agent, the foams exhibit maximum shrinkages defined as 100(1-r)of between 10 and 20%, where r=the ratio of the volume of foam on theday it is at a minimum to the volume of the foam immediately afterexpansion. See, i.e., Examples 21, 24, and 37 at Table 7 of Watanabe etal, U.S. Pat. No. 4,214,054.

Accordingly, the need exists in the art for low cost volatile blowingagents which can be used to expand olefin polymers and yet exhibit ahigh degree of dimensional stability with minimal shrinkage during agingor curing of the polymer foams.

In accordance with the present invention, moldable foam beads comprisinga silane-modified, crosslinked polyolefin foam are produced by Method A,which comprises the steps of:

Method A

(a) mixing a composition comprising a silane-modified polyolefin, asilanol condensation catalyst, and other desired additives in anextruder to produce a melt;

(b) injecting a blowing agent into the melt at a rate effective toproduce the desired foam density in the extrudate;

(c) extruding the melt into a pressurized zone and cutting it to formcrosslinkable non-foamed foamable polyolefin beads (the term "beads" ismeant to denote particles of any configuration);

(d) exposing the crosslinkable foamable polyolefin beads to moisture toproduce silane crosslinking of the foamable polyolefin beads;

(e) adjusting the temperature of the crosslinked foamable polyolefinbeads to a suitable and effective foaming temperature; and

(f) expelling the crosslinked foamable polyolefin beads to a zone oflower pressure that will cause them to expand and form foam beads.

In accordance with the present invention, moldable foam beads comprisinga crosslinked polyolefin foam are also produced by Method B, whichcomprises the steps of:

Method B

(a) mixing a composition comprising a polyolefin, a chemicalcrosslinking agent, and other desired additives in an extruder toproduce a melt;

(b) injecting a blowing agent into the melt at a rate effective toproduce the desired foam density in the extrudate;

(c) extruding the melt into a pressurized zone and cutting it to formcrosslinkable, non-foamed, foamable polyolefin beads;

(d) exposing the crosslinkable foamable polyolefin beads to sufficienttemperatures to produce crosslinking of the foamable polyolefin beads;

(e) adjusting the temperature of the crosslinked foamable polyolefinbeads to a suitable and effective foaming temperature; and

(f) expelling the crosslinked foamable polyolefin beads to a zone oflower pressure that will cause them to expand and form foam beads.

In accordance with the present invention, moldable foam beads comprisingany foamable thermoplastic polymer may also be produced by method C,comprising the steps of:

Method C

(a) mixing a composition comprising a thermoplastic polymer, such aspolystyrene or polypropylene and other desired additives in an extruderto produce a melt;

(b) injecting a blowing agent into the melt at a rate effective toproduce the desired foam density in the extrudate;

(c) extruding the melt into a pressurized zone and cutting it to formnon-foamed foamable thermoplastic polymer beads,

(d) adjusting the temperature of the foamable thermoplastic polymerbeads to a suitable and effective foaming temperature, and

(e) expelling the foamable thermoplastic polymer beads to a zone oflower pressure that will cause them to expand and form foam beads.

In accordance with the present invention, moldable foam beads may alsobe produced by method D, comprising the steps of:

Method D

(a) mixing a composition comprising:

(1) a silane-modified polyolefin and a silanol condensation catalyst; or

(2) a polyolefin and a chemical crosslinking agent; or

(3) a non-crosslinked polymer; or

(4) any combination of compositions (1)-(3); and any desired additivesinto an extruder to produce a melt;

(b) injecting a blowing agent into the melt at a rate effective toproduce the desired foam density in the extrudate;

(c) pumping the melt into a flow channel where it may have, if desired,a lubricant between the polymer and the channel wall and where it isexposed to: (1) moisture to form a crosslinked non-foamed foamablepolyolefin and/or; (2) a sufficient temperature to produce crosslinkingof the foamable polyolefin and/or (3) a channel wall temperature thatwill adjust the polymer's temperature to make it more suitable forfoaming;

(d) adjusting the temperature of the crosslinked foamable polyolefin asit flows through the flow channel to a suitable and effective foamingtemperature;

(e) expelling the compositions of the polymers listed above in thisparagraph through a die to a zone of lower pressure that will cause themto expand; and

(f) cutting the expanded polymers to form foam beads.

Foamed components of a desired shape may be produced in accordance withthe present invention by method E, comprising the steps of:

Method E

(a) mixing a composition comprising:

(1) a silane-modified polyolefin and a silanol condensation catalyst; or

(2) a polyolefin and a chemical crosslinking agent; or

(3) a non-crosslinked polymer; or

(4) any combination of compositions (1)-(3); and any desired additivesinto an extruder to produce a melt;

(b) injecting a blowing agent into the melt at a rate effective toproduce the desired foam density in the extrudate;

(c) pumping the melt into a flow channel, wherein the channel wall maybe lubricated if desired;

(d) exposing the polymer within the channel wall to: (1) moisture toform a crosslinked, non-foamed foamable polyolefin and/or; (2) asufficient temperature to produce crosslinking of the foamablepolyolefin and/or (3) a channel wall temperature that will adjust thepolymer's temperature to make it more suitable for foaming;

(d) adjusting the temperature of the crosslinked foamable polyolefin asit flows through the flow channel to a suitable and effective foamingtemperature;

(e) expelling the foamable polymer through a die;

(f) cutting the polymer into beads;

(g) dispensing the beads into a mold where the pressure is:

(1) high enough to prevent significant expansion of the polymer beads;

(2) above ambient pressure and high enough to allow only partialexpansion of the beads into a foam bead; or

(3) at ambient pressure where complete expansion of the beads occurs;

(h) releasing the pressure, with or without the addition of heat bysteam or other suitable means, after a sufficient amount of the beads orpartially expanded foam beads are in the mold, to cause the foam beadsto fuse together to form the component that resembles the shape of themold; and

(i) expelling the molded part, with or without first cooling the part inthe mold.

The blowing agent used in the present invention can be selected fromvolatile hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and compressed, inertgases. Alternatively, instead of injecting such a blowing agent in step(b) of the Methods, a solid blowing agent can be mixed into thecomposition in step (a). As an alternative to the use of silane-modifiedpolyolefins in Method A, step (a), such raw materials can be formed insitu as the ingredients are mixed and melted by mixing effective amountsof a composition comprising at least one polyolefin with a silanecompound containing at least one unsaturated group, a free radicalinitiator and a silanol condensation catalyst in the extruder.

Still further in accordance with the invention, processes are providedfor molding solid foam articles from moldable foam beads prepared inaccordance with the above processes, by the application of heat andpressure in a mold.

Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will be apparentto those skilled in the art from the following detailed description andthe appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for manufacturingthermoplastic polymer foam beads, such as polystyrene or polyolefin foambeads, and articles made therefrom having a composite structure made up,if desired, of an antistatic agent and a flame retardant agent which,when combined and produced in accordance with this invention, haveimproved usefulness because of their properties. The new thermoplasticpolymer foam beads are produced in a single operation. Their costs aresubstantially less than those made by a coating process or the secondarylamination of articles made from the beads.

In accordance with the present invention, moldable thermoplastic polymerfoam beads, such as expanded, crosslinked polyolefin foam beads, areproduced using a conventional extruder apparatus having suitable meansfor heating and cooling, and with a blowing agent injected into thepolymer melt or introduced into the solid form.

In Method A, crosslinking of the polyolefin resin is carried out afterextrusion when the polyolefin is brought into contact with moisture. Asilane-modified polyolefin resin is used, such as polyethylene modifiedto contain carbon-bonded silyl groups. This silated or silane-graftedresin is melt mixed in the extruder with the proper amount of a silanolcondensation catalyst. A plastic product made in this manner willcrosslink when contacted with water.

In making the novel beads of this invention, the silane-graftedpolyolefin resin, the condensation catalyst, a nucleating agent such astalc for cell size control, and any other desired additives, aretypically mixed with the resin before it is added to the hopper of anextruder. The ingredients are melted, mixed and forwarded through theextruder. At a point in the extruder where all of the ingredients arewell mixed and fully melted, a blowing agent, preferably comprising avolatile organic compound, or an inert gas or a mixture thereof, isinjected under pressure into the molten polymer mix. The blowing agentand polymer are sufficiently mixed and extruded through a die platecontaining a number of small holes.

In Method B, chemical crosslinking of the polyolefin resin is carriedout essentially after the polyolefin leaves the extruder, when thepolyolefin is brought to a temperature that is suitable for activatingthe chemical crosslinking agent which then crosslinks the polyolefin.

In making the novel beads of this invention in Methods A and B,thermoplastic polymers, such as polyolefin resin, a crosslinking agent,talc or other nucleating agent for cell size control, and any otherdesired additives, typically are mixed with the resin before it is addedto the hopper of an extruder. The ingredients are melted, mixed andforwarded through the extruder. At a point in the extruder where all ofthe ingredients are well mixed and fully melted, a blowing agent,preferably comprising a volatile organic compound or an inert gas or amixture thereof, is injected under pressure into the molten polymer mix.The blowing agent and polymer are sufficiently mixed and extrudedthrough a die plate containing a number of small holes.

The resultant foam strands produced by either Method A or B are cut asthey emerge from the die into a pressure zone to form a substantiallynon-foamed foamable bead. The crosslinking of the polyolefin thencommences with exposure to moisture as in the case of Method A or aftersufficient heating, as in the case of Method B. Once the foamablepolyolefin beads are sufficiently crosslinked, the temperature of thefoamable polyolefin beads is adjusted to a suitable foaming temperature,and the crosslinked foamable beads are then expelled to a lower pressurewhere they expand to form crosslinked foamed beads. The beads aretypically cooled after expansion, collected and conveyed to a suitablestorage area, such as a bag or other suitable container, and are helduntil they are needed for the molding process.

In Method C, the thermoplastic polymer resin beads of this invention canbe mixed with talc, or with another nucleating agent for cell sizecontrol, and with any other desired additives, which are mixed with theresin before it is added to the hopper of an extruder. The ingredientsare melted, mixed and forwarded through the extruder. At a point in theextruder where all of the ingredients are well mixed and melted, ablowing agent, preferably comprising a volatile organic compound or aninert gas or a mixture thereof, is injected under pressure into themolten polymer mix. The blowing agent and polymer are sufficiently mixedand extruded through a die plate containing a number of small holes.

The resultant foam strands produced by Method C are cut as they emergefrom the die into a pressure zone to form a substantially non-foamed,foamable bead. The temperature of the foamable thermoplastic polymerbeads is adjusted to obtain a suitable foaming temperature, and then thefoamable beads are expelled to a lower pressure where they expand toform foamed beads. The beads are typically cooled after expansion,collected and conveyed to a suitable storage area, such as a bag orother suitable container, and held until they are needed for the moldingprocess.

Using the process of the present invention, expanded thermoplasticpolymers, such as polystyrene and non-crosslinked as well as crosslinkedpolyolefin foam beads having foamed bulk densities in the range of fromabout 0.7 to about 10 pounds per cubic foot, are produced. The beadspreferably having foamed bulk densities in the range of from about 1.2to about 5 pounds per cubic foot, and most preferably from about 1.5 to2.5 pounds per cubic foot.

One of the primary raw materials presently preferred for the process inMethod A, are the silane-grafted low density polyethylene resins.Processes for the production of such resins are described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 3,646,155, 4,117,195, and 4,526,930. Generally, a silane is graftedto the base low density polyethylene resin. The grafting is achieved bymelt mixing, in an extruder or in another compound mixer such as aBrabender mixer, a free radical generator, such as dicumyl peroxide, anda silane, such as vinyltrimethoxysilane. The pendant silyl groups willform crosslinks between the polymer chains when the polymer is exposedto moisture in the presence of an organometallic silanol condensationcatalyst (i.e., an organotin ester such as dibutyl tin dilaurate).

The catalyst may be combined with the polyethylene resin, silane, andfree radical generator in a second step, in which the final moisturecurable product is formed. The catalyst may also be combined with thepolyethylene resin, silane, and free radical generator in one extrusionor mixing step, as in the Monosil process of The Swiss MailleferCompany. In the case of the two step process, Dow Corning's Sioplas(U.S. Pat. No. 3,646,155) process, silane grafted polyethylene resinsand a catalyst master batch, a dispersion of the catalyst inpolyethylene resin, can be readily purchased. These two products arethen mixed in the proper proportions and processed as desired to form amoisture curable product. Silane-grafted polyethylene resins andcatalysts are available from Synergistics Chemicals, Ltd. ofMississauga, Ontario, Canada, under the trade names Synecure 1019-A forthe silane grafted resin and Synecure 1000-B for the catalyst masterbatch. The silane grafted resin and the catalyst master batch are alsoavailable from Union Carbide Chemical and Plastics Company, Inc. underthe trade name SI-LINK™.

In another two-step process, a moisture-crosslinkable polyethylene suchas a silane ethylene copolymer is mixed with a catalyst master batch.Such materials are marketed by BP Performance Polymers under thetrademarks SLPE and MCA 360 for the silane ethylene copolymer andcatalyst master batch, respectively, and are said to offer variousadvantages over the use of one-step silane processes, peroxidecrosslinking processes or silane grafted low density polyethylene.

One of the primary raw materials presently preferred in the process inMethod B, are low density polyethylene resins. Generally, a low densitypolyethylene resin is blended with a free radical generator crosslinkingagent, such as dicumyl peroxide, and is then processed in an extruderwhere the base low density polyethylene resin and crosslinking agent aremelt mixed.

Two of the primary raw materials preferred for the process in Method Care polypropylene and polystyrene resins. Polypropylene resins suitablefor this invention are HIMONT's PF-814 and SD-632 which are high meltstrength resin.

The final resin/additive mixture is fed into the hopper of an extruder.At a point in the extruder where the plastic components of the resinmixture are fully melted, the blowing agent is injected. The blowingagent used is typically a hydrocarbon, chlorofluorocarbon,hydrochlorofluorocarbon, or hydrofluoro-carbon such as isobutane,n-butane, isopentane, normal pentane, dichlorodifluoromethane,dichlorotetrafluoroethane, chlorodifluoromethane, or mixtures thereof.The blowing agent is injected at a rate effective to give the desiredfoam density, usually as about 5 to 70 weight percent of the total foamoutput rate, preferably 10 to 40, and the most preferably 25 to 40weight percent of the total foam output rate. The proper temperature forfoaming depends upon the melting point of the polymer and the type andamount of blowing agent used, but is generally in the range of fromabout 175° to about 340° F., and is preferably from about 190° to about240° F. when ethylene polymers are used. Hydrocarbons and halogenatedhydrocarbons which are at least partially soluble in the polyolefinresins used have a plasticizing effect on the melt, reducing thefrictional heat generated. Furthermore, due to the latent heat ofvaporization, these materials have a cooling effect during foaming asthe blowing agent vaporizes. The foaming temperature should bemaintained within the desired range by the use of external cooling meansin conjunction with a rate of flow of the blowing agent effective toprovide additional cooling effects.

In the extruder, the resin/additive/blowing agent mixture is mixedsufficiently and then extruded under pressure that is sufficient toprevent foaming of the extrudate. The extruder is equipped with a diewith many small holes. The foamable mixture is extruded through theseholes and cut by a rapidly rotating knife which cuts the extrudate intosmall beads. If a propeller-type knife is used, the holes on the die arearranged in a circle so that the extrudate will be cut as the kniferotates about its center axis. The rate at which the extrudate emergesfrom the die is easily controlled, and the size of the beads aredetermined by size of the holes on the die plate and the speed of therotating knife.

As the beads are cut at the die face, they remain under sufficientpressure to prevent a significant amount of foaming. If the beads do notneed to be crosslinked, they will go directly into an annealing zone. Ifthe beads need to be crosslinked, they are then conveyed to acrosslinking zone. In Method A, the beads are suspended in a media,preferably heated water, as they are conveyed through the crosslinkingzone. The crosslinking zone is sized to allow for sufficient time forthe beads to achieve the desired level of crosslinking.

In Method B, the beads are suspended in a heated media, such as water orother suitable fluid, as they are conveyed through the crosslinking zonewhere the chemical crosslinking agent is activated by heat andcrosslinks the polyolefin. Again, the crosslinking zone is sized toallow for sufficient time for the beads to achieve the desired level ofcrosslinking.

If the beads do not need to be crosslinked, they pass directly into anannealing zone. If they need to be crosslinked, they are crosslinked tothe desired level and then pass into an annealing zone. The beads remainsuspended in the fluid media as they flow into a annealing zone wheretheir temperature is adjusted to achieve the optimum foaming temperaturefor the beads. Some of the parameters that dictate the optimum foamingtemperature are the rheology of base thermoplastic polymer/blowing agentadmixture, the level of crosslinking, if applicable, and final foamdensity. In a foam extrusion process where an extruder is used to coolthe thermoplastic polymer's melt temperature, there is usually a largetemperature differential within the polymer melt. This occurs becausethe extruder's barrel temperature has to be cooler than the polymer'smelt temperature to remove heat from it. In addition, the feedscrew isputting shear energy into the polymer which increases the polymer's melttemperature. Consequently, there are areas of cold and/or hot spotsthroughout the polymer melt creating a temperature differential. Thetemperature differential within the polymer melt effects the polymerexpansion rate as well as the amount of expansion. In this invention,the annealing zone can achieve a very uniform melt temperature becauseit does not put shear heat energy into the beads, but rather removes ituniformly until the desired temperature is achieved. Once the beads areat the desired foaming temperature, they are expelled into a zone oflower pressure where they expand, cool and fall into a collection bin.The beads are then drawn out of the bin pneumatically or by othersuitable means and are conveyed to a collection area, preferably a bagor other suitable container. The expanded beads remain in storage untilthey are needed for molding.

If thermoplastic polymer foam beads, such as polyolefin foam beads, arecrosslinked, they should be crosslinked at least enough to make the foambeads thermally stable in the molding process. Higher proportions ofcrosslinking can be used to produce beads and molded objects havingfirmer textures. Generally, the percentage crosslinking or gel contentshould range from about 5 to about 85 percent, preferably from about 8to about 60 percent as measured by ASTM D-2765.

The above described process for the manufacture of moldablethermoplastic polymer foam beads possesses has many advantages overother methods and processes used. The equipment used is relativelysimple compared to that required for other processes. The primaryequipment used is an extruder equipped with a blowing agent injectionsystem. This type of extruder is well known to those with knowledge ofthermoplastic manufacture. The machinery which converts the foam strandsto beads is a simple cutter that is used for die face pelletizing ofnon-foamed thermoplastic polymers such as polyolefin. After the beadsare cut, they are conveyed to a crosslinking apparatus or, if nocrosslinking is required, they pass directly into an annealing tube orapparatus. The crosslinking apparatus can be another extruder or tubewhere the beads are kept under pressure and crosslinked as they areconveyed through it. After the crosslinking apparatus, the beads passinto and through an annealing device or temperature regulator apparatus.The annealing tube or apparatus can also be another extruder or tubewhere the beads can be kept under pressure as they are brought to thedesired temperature as they are conveyed through the tube or apparatus.

Regardless of whether Method A or B is used to crosslink the polyolefin,the crosslinkable polyolefins are extruded in the same manner as anormal polyolefin. The methods of crosslinking disclosed in thisinvention eliminates the need for a high energy radiation source forcrosslinking and will give more uniform crosslinking throughout the foamin comparison to the radiation method, as radiation does not easilypenetrate relatively thick (1/8"-1/2") foam.

The beads made by this invention are non-crosslinked or crosslinked, asdesired and are expanded as they leave the apparatus into a zone oflower pressure, which eliminates the need for large autoclave typereactors. The use of heat activated chemical crosslinking or silanecrosslinking eliminates the need for a preprocessing crosslinking step.The beads made in this manner do not require the pre-moldingpressurizing step used in the autoclave blowing agent impregnationprocess.

The entire system needed to make these moldable thermoplastic polymers,such as non-crosslinked and crosslinked polyolefin beads, can beinstalled at the molding facility and sized according to the molder'sneeds. Using the apparatus and method disclosed in this invention, themolder can produce the quantity of beads as needed to fill orders.Crosslinking, when required, takes place in the apparatus, and expansionoccurs as the beads leave the apparatus. The storage time required, bysome methods, to age the beads is eliminated or significantly less, andthe space than that required for storing large volumes of expanded beadspurchased from current suppliers is less. Having the bead manufacturingequipment at the molding site eliminates the high cost associated withshipping large quantities of the low bulk density beads. In addition,since the molder is producing his own beads, he has complete controlover the moldable bead specifications, such as density, color,additives, crosslinked level, etc., and these can be changed relativelyeasily as needed.

In the production of the heat activated, chemically crosslinkedpolyolefin foams or silane-crosslinked polyolefin foams of the presentinvention where silane-modified polyolefins are used, polyolefins areselected from homopolymers and copolymers of ethylenically-unsaturatedmonomers having from 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, such as ethylene,propylene, butenes, pentenes, hexenes and the like. The copolymers caninclude other compatible monomers, as described below. Presently, thepolyethylene-type polymers are preferred, and such polymers are referredto in the disclosure and examples below, but this should be regarded asexemplary of the invention rather than limiting in any sense.Particularly preferred are the polyethylenes, including medium densitypolyethylene, low density polyethylene, and linear low densitypolyethylene. Such polyethylenes are described in the Kirk-OthmerEncyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Ed., Vol. 6, pages 385-420,the Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 1986-87, pages 52-63 and in theEncyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 7, page 610.

The term "silane-modified polyethylene resin" as used in the presentspecification and the appended claims, denotes a modified polyethyleneresin obtained by chemically bonding a silane compound containing atleast one unsaturated group to a polyethylene-type resin in the presenceof a radical generator, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.4,160,072.

The term "polyethylene resin" as used in the present specification andthe appended claims, is meant to include not only homopolymers ofethylene, but also ethylene copolymers composed of at least 50 molepercent, and preferably at least 70 mole percent, of an ethylene unitand a minor proportion of a monomer copolymerizable with ethylene, andblends of at least 50 percent by weight, preferably at least 60 percentby weight, of the ethylene homopolymer or copolymer with anothercompatible polymer.

Examples of monomers copolymerizable with ethylene and other olefins,are vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, propylene, butene, hexene, acrylicacid and its esters, and methacrylic acid and its esters. The otherpolymer that can be blended with the ethylene homopolymer or copolymermay be any polymer compatible with it. Some examples of compatiblepolymers include polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyisoprene,poly-chloroprene, chlorinated polyethylene, high density polyethylenes,polyvinyl chloride, a styrene/butadiene copolymer, a vinylacetate/ethylene copolymer, an acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer, avinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer, etc. Especially preferredspecies are polypropylene, polybutadiene and styrene/butadienecopolymer.

Examples of polyethylene resins that can be advantageously employed inthe present invention are low-, medium-, and high-density polyethylenes,an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, an ethylene/propylene copolymer,copolymers of ethylene and methyl or ethyl acrylate, a blend ofpolyethylene and polypropylene, a blend of polyethylene andethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, and a blend of polyethylene and anethylene/propylene copolymer. Of these, a medium density polyethylene,low density polyethylene, and ethylene/propylene copolymers areespecially suitable.

Preferably, the polyethylene resins have a softening point of less than130° C. Furthermore, it is preferred that the polyethylene resin have amelt index of 0.2 to 20, preferably 0.3 to 6 decigrams per minute, and adensity of 0.910 to 0.940, preferably 0.916 to 0.925 grams/cc.

In the present invention, the silane-modified polyolefin resin isprepared by chemically bonding a silane compound containing at least oneunsaturated group to the polyolefin resin described above in thepresence of a radical generator. The silane compounds used in thisinvention are organosilicon compounds containing at least oneunsaturated group capable of being chemically bonded to the sites offree radicals generated in the polymer chain of the polyolefin as aresult of radical reaction. Several examples of such compounds aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,072, and typically include organosilanecompounds of the following formula: ##STR1## wherein one or two,preferably only one, of R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ represent a hydrocarbyl orhydrocarboxyl group containing a radical-polymerizable double bond, andthe rest represent organic residues capable of being split off byhydrolysis.

In the above formula, examples of the hydrocarbyl group containing aradical-polymerizable double bond are vinyl, allyl, 2-methylallyl,butenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentadienyl, and octadienyl, and examples ofthe hyrocarboxyl group containing a radical-polymerizable double bondinclude allyloxy and 2-methyl allyloxy. Other examples include: ##STR2##Of these, vinyl is most preferred.

Examples of the organic residues capable of being split off byhydrolysis include alkoxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy or butoxy;acyloxy groups such as formloxy, acetoxy or propionoxy; oxime groupssuch as: --ON═C(Me)₂, --ON═C(Me)(Et), and --ON═C(C₆ H₅)₂

and substituted amino groups, for example, alkyl amino or aryl aminogroups such as methyl amino, ethyl amino or phenyl amino. Of these, thealkoxy groups are especially preferred.

The silane compound preferably contains three hydrolyzable organicgroups. Suitable silanes include:

-(1,2-epoxyethane) ethyltrimethoxy silane

-(1,2-epoxyethane) propyltrimethoxy silane

-(1,2-epoxyethane) ethyltriethoxy silane

-(1,2-epoxyethane) propyltriethoxy silane

-(1,2-epoxyethane) ethylmethyldimethoxy silane

-(1-2-epoxyethane) propylmethyldimethoxy silane

-(1,2-epoxyethane) ethyl-tris-(ethoxymethoxy) silane

-(1,2-epoxyethane) propyl-tris-(ethoxymethoxy) silane

-(1,2-epoxyethane) ethyltrimethoxy silane and the sulfur and nitrogenanalogues of these specific compounds. Also suitable are compounds suchas -(3,4-epoxycyclohexane) ethyltrimethoxy silane and the like.

Vinyl trimethoxysilane and vinyltriethoxysilane can be most convenientlyused in the present invention.

The amount of the silane compound is not critical and can be variedwidely according, for example, to the type of polyolefin resin, thedesired degree of modification, and the reaction conditions. Generally,its amount is from about 0.1 to about 50 parts by weight, preferablyabout 0.3 to about 30 parts by weight, and most preferably about 0.5 toabout 10 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the polyethyleneresin.

Advantageously, radical generators used in the heat activatedcrosslinking reaction in Method B or the reaction between the polyolefinresin and the silane compound in Method A, are those which decomposeupon heating and generate radicals. The radical generator acts as areaction initiator at the time of chemically bonding the silane compoundto the polyolefin resin. These radical generators generally have a halflife of 6 minutes or less, preferably 3 minutes or less, and mostpreferably 1 minute or less, at the melt-kneading temperature of thepolyolefin resin. Typical examples of such radical generators include,but are not limited to, organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide,dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, or lauroyl peroxide; organic peroxides such ast-butyl peracetate, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl hexanoate, or t-butyl peroxyisobutyrate, t-butyl peroxy benzoate, dicumyl peroxide,2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butyl-peroxy)hexane,2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butyl-peroxy)hexyne-3,di-t-butylperoxide,2,5-di(peroxybenzoate)hexyl-3 or1,3-bis(t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; and azo compounds such asazobisisobutyronitrile or dimethyl azodiisobutyrate. Dicumyl peroxide ispresently most preferred.

In any situation, a specified radical generator is selected dependingupon the temperature at which the polyolefin resin is reacted in MethodB or the temperature at which the polyolefin resin is reacted with thesilane compound in Method A. For example, when the reaction is to becarried out at about 190° C. to 200° C., dicumyl peroxide, which has ahalf life of about 15 seconds at this temperature, is suitable. When thereaction is to be carried out at about 150° C., benzoyl peroxide, havinga preferred half life at this temperature, is suitable. The amount ofthe radical generator is not limited in particular, and can be variedover a wide range according, for example, to the type of the polyolefinresin used or the amount of the silane compound. Although the radicalgenerator should be used in an amount sufficient for performing thedesired degree of modification, it should not be used in amounts suchthat the ordinary crosslinking of the polyolefin resin becomes a mainreaction mechanism. Generally, its suitable amount is 0.01 to 1.5 partsby weight, preferably 0.1 to 1 part by weight, per 100 parts by weightof the polyolefin resin.

The bonding of the silane compound to the polyolefin resin can beperformed easily by the method to be described herein below.

For example, the polyolefin resin, the radical generator, and the silanecompound are fed into an extruder, and the radical generator isdecomposed while melting the polyethylene resin, thereby chemicallybonding the silane compound to the polyethylene resin. All silanolcondensation catalysts which are usually employed to form a crosslinkagein silane-modified polyolefin resins are feasible as the silanolcondensation catalyst in this invention. Examples of the silanolcondensation catalyst are organometallic compounds such as organotincompounds [e.g., esters such as dibutyltin dilaurate, stannous acetate,and stannous octanoate or stannous caprylate), lead naphthenate, zinccaprylate, iron 2-ethylhexanoate, cobalt naphthenate, and titanic acidesters and titanium chelate compounds e.g., tetrabutyl titanate,tetranonyl titanate or bis(acetylacetonitrile)diisopropyl titanate];organic bases such as ethylamine, hexylamine, dibutylamine or pyridine;acids such as inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid and phosphoricacid) and fatty acids (e.g., stearic acid, linoleic acid and octylicacid), and their metal salts. These catalyst compounds can be usedeither alone or as mixtures. Zinc salts of higher carboxylic acids canbe used, such as zinc salts of aliphatic or alicyclic carboxylic acidscontaining 8 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 17 carbon atoms.Examples of these zinc salts include zinc stearate, zinc octanoate, zinclaurate, and zinc naphthenate, with zinc stearate preferred. Thesehigher carboxylic acid zinc salts may be mixed with a minor amount ofanother silanol condensation catalyst of the above-exemplified species,for example, organotin compounds, such as dibutyltin dilaurate,dibutyltin maleate or dibutyltin diacetate. The amount of the othersilanol catalyst in the mixture should be minimized, and preferablylimited to not more than 5 percent based on the total weight of themixed silanol catalyst.

The amount of the silanol condensation catalyst can be varied accordingto the type and amount of the silane compound bonded to the modifiedpolyolefin resin. Generally, its amount is at least about 0.01 parts byweight, preferably 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, and most preferably 0.5 to10 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the silane-modifiedpolyolefin resin.

Another variation of Method B is achieved by combining a polyolefinresin, a photo-chemical crosslinking agent, and a catalyst. The blend ismelted in the extruder and mixed with a blowing agent into a moltenadmixture, extruded under pressure and cut into beads, conveyed througha photo-crosslinking apparatus to produce crosslinking of the foamablepolyolefin beads, then conveyed into an apparatus to adjust thetemperature of the crosslinked foamable polyolefin beads to a suitableand effective foaming temperature, and finally expelling the crosslinkedfoamable polyolefin beads to a zone of lower pressure that will causethem to expand and form foam beads.

Of course, the above polymers mentioned can be used as non-crosslinkedpolymers. Any other non-crosslinked or crosslinked thermoplastic polymerthat is foamable can be used in the present invention to make a moldablefoam bead, including non-crosslinked polyolefins.

Blowing agents used in the process to manufacture the thermoplasticpolymer foam beads are normally gaseous elements, compounds or mixturesthereof. Some of the blowing agents that can be used are listed below.These blowing agents listed are examples and are not meant to beconstrued as limiting this invention to only the blowing agentmentioned.

Among the elemental gases that may be employed with satisfactory resultsare nitrogen, argon, neon, and helium. In addition, normally gaseousorganic compounds may be used to expand plastic material. Among the mostimportant of these are the halogen derivatives of methane and ethane,which are used as refrigerants and for similar purposes, such asTrichlorofluoromethane(CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane(CFC-12),dichlorotetrafluoroethane(CFC-114),difluorotetrachloroethane(CFC-122),chlorodifluoromethane(HCFC-22), 1,1-dichloro 2,2,2-trifluoroethane(HCFC-123), 1-chloro-1,2,2,2 tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124),1,1,2,2,2,-pentafluoroethane (HCFC-125), 1,2,2, 2,-tetrafluoroethane(HFC-134a), 1,1-dichloro 1-monofluoroethane (HCFC-141b),1,-chloro-1,1,-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b), 1,1,-difluoroethane(HFC-152a), ethyl chloride, methyl bromide, methyl chloride and thelike, and mixtures of any two or more of the above.

Other normally gaseous compounds that may be employed are acetylene,ammonia, butadiene, butane, butene, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide,cyclopropane, dimethylamine, 2-2-dimethyl propane, ethane, ethylene,isobutane, isobutylene, methane, monomethylamine, propane, propylene andtrimethylamine and the like, and mixtures of any two or more of theabove blowing agents.

All of the aforementioned materials are intended to be embraced withinthe term "normally gaseous, expanding medium" as used herein. This termis intended to mean that the expanding medium employed is a gas at thetemperatures existing under the normal operating conditions of a plasticextruder. Also, when reference is made to the introduction of a normallygaseous, expanding medium or a gas into a plastic compound in anextrusion cylinder, it is to be understood that, while the materialintroduced is a gas at the normal operating temperatures of theextruder, it may be in either gaseous or liquid state at the temperatureand pressure at which it is introduced into the extrusion cylinder. Itis advantageous to employ blowing agents which are liquids whenintroduced into the extrusion cylinder because it is easier to pump aliquid under constant pressure and volume than it is to supply a gasunder constant pressure and volume.

Examples of liquids which may be used as blowing agents includehydrocarbons, such as isopentane, pentane, hexane, heptane or octane;unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as pentene, 4-methyl pentene, hexene orpetroleum ester fractions; ethers, such as diethyl ether; alcohols, suchas methanol or ethanol; ketones, such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone;and halogenated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride, or1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.

Other blowing agents that can be used are the chemical blowing agentsthat decompose at elevated temperatures to liberate gases. These blowingagents include: azodicarbonamide, p-toluene sulfonyl hydrazide,dinitrosopentamethylene, mixtures of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid,gypsum, various hydrated aluminas such as aluminum trihydrate, sodiumborohydrate and the like.

Blowing agents are usually incorporated in amounts from about 0.05 toabout 55 percent by weight based on the polymer and can include acombination of two or more of the aforementioned blowing agents or thelike or any other suitable compound and should not be construed aslimited by the blowing agents listed. Other ingredients, such asfillers, antioxidants, antistatic agents, flame retardant additives,nucleation agents, lubricants, foaming aids, coloring agents, anddeterioration inhibitors and the like may also be present in the polymergel. Foamable compositions of thermoplastic polymer resins such aspolyolefins or their copolymers, blowing agents, and additives are wellknown in the art, and representative samples of such compositions areset forth in the previously mentioned patents, the teachings of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

Foamable compositions of thermoplastic polymers, such as polyolefins ortheir copolymers, blowing agents and additives, e.g., stability controlagents, antistatic agents, flame retardant agents and the like, are wellknown in the art, and a representative sample of such compositions isset forth in the previously mentioned patents, the teachings of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

Stability control agents are normally added to many polyolefin foams toprevent collapsing of the foam. Stability control agents suitable foruse in the present invention include the partial esters of long-chainfatty acids with polyols described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,644,230, as wellas higher alkyl amines, fatty acid amides and complete esters of higherfatty acids such as those described in Watanabe et al., U.S. Pat. No.4,214,054. Typically, such stability control agents are employed in anamount ranging from about 0.1 to about 10 parts per hundred based on theweight of the olefin polymer employed.

Antistatic agents are normally added and mixed into the polyolefin resinprior to extrusion but the process described herein is not limited tothis method. Examples of antistatic agents include, but are not limitedto, the following: anionic surfactants such as alkyl sulfates, alkylsulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, sulfosuccinates, and esters ofaliphatic alcohols and phosphoric acid and phosphates; cationicsurfactants such as primary amine salts, secondary amine salts, tertiaryamine salts, quaternary ammonium compounds and pyridine derivatives, andnonionic surfactants such as alkylene oxide adducts of aliphaticalcohols, alkylene oxide adducts of a fatty acid, alkylene oxide adductsof alkylphenol and alkyl naphthol, alkylene oxide adducts of polyhydricalcohols, alkylene oxide adducts of aliphatic amines and aliphaticamides, polyethylene glycol, and block copolymers of polyethylene glycoland polypropylene glycol. Nonionic-anionic surfactants such as mono anddiesters of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers and polyoxyethylene alkyl ethersulfates and polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether sulfates are suitable,as are amphoteric surfactants such as alkyl betaene and imidazolinederivatives. Other suitable antistatic agents maybe known by thoseskilled in the art. One or more of these or other antistatic agents areadded in a quantity of 0.05 to 10 parts, preferably 0.2 to 3 parts, per100 parts of polyolefin. If the antistatic agent is added in a smallerquantity, little or no effect of improving the antistatic properties ofthe polyolefin resin composition can be obtained. On the other hand, agreater quantity of the antistatic agent is undesirable since not onlyis the processability of the composition adversely affected, but alsothe mechanical properties of the composition deteriorates because of theadhesion of dust and dirt onto the surface of a shaped resin article dueto bleeding of the antistatic agent, or because of the increasedhygroscopicity of many antistatic agents.

Flame retardant additives are generally added and mixed into thethermoplastic polymer, such as polyolefin resin prior to extrusion, butthe process described is not limited to this method. Examples ofsuitable flame retardant additives include halogen containing organicbromine and chlorine compounds preferably containing at least 50 percentby weight of bromine or chlorine. A suitable compound is chloroparaffin.Examples of the preferred bromine compounds include:1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane; tetrabromodibenzylacetone;pentabromophenylallylether; pentabromomonochlorocyclohexane;1,1,2,3,4,4,-hexabromobutene-2,2,5-bis(tribromomethyl)-1,2,3-thiadrazol;2,4,6-tris(tribromoethyl)-1,3,5-triazine; tetra-bromoethane;bromotrichloromethane; 1,2,5,6-tetrabromohexane; hexabromobenzene;pentabromophenol; pentabromodiphenylether;tris-(dibromopropyl)phosphate; octabromocyclohexadecane;octabromodiphenol oxide; 2,4,6-tribromophenol; decabromodiphenyloxide;bis(tribromophenoxy) ethylene; and bromonaphthalene. These and otherflame retardants are often used in admixture with antimony trioxide orantimony pentoxide to obtain a synergistic effect.

The molding of these thermoplastic polymer beads can be performed inseveral ways. The beads can be fed to a mold with at least one movableside which can compress the beads where they are subjected to a heatsource, such as pressurized steam. Once the thermoplastic polymercomprising the beads is softened enough that it will fuse with itself,the compressible wall (walls) of the mold moves to compress the beadstogether, causing the beads to fuse and to conform to the shape of themold.

Using a similar method, the beads are placed in a container adjacent tothe mold and this container is pressurized with a compressed gas, suchas air, causing the volume of the beads to decrease. The beads are thentransferred in this compressed state to the mold, which is alsopressurized to generally the same pressure. The mold containing thesecompressed polyolefin beads is closed and injected with pressurizedsteam to heat the beads to the temperature where the polyolefin willfuse. The pressure is released from the mold and the beads re-expandedback to their equilibrium volume. As the fusible beads re-expand, theyfuse into one part with very little void space within.

In another method, known as the "crush-fill" method, beads are used tofill a mold, then compressed into the molding spaces as by movement ofat least one wall of the mold, and steam is injected at a suitablepressure for a time sufficient to soften and fuse the beads. Steampressures ranging from about 5 to 60 psig can be used and maintained fortimes ranging from about 1 to 15 seconds. Upon release of both physicaland steam pressure, the beads are molded into a fused foam object in thedesired shape. The use of steam in these molding methods facilitates thefusing of the foam beads.

Once the molded objects are removed from the mold and cooled, theirproperties can optionally be improved by annealing, i.e., heating in anoven for an effective period of time at an effective temperature tostabilize the size and shape of the molded objects. Generally, if therehas been shrinkage of the molded parts, the parts will expand slightlyduring annealing so as to restore the part's proper size and shape,while at the same time reducing the density of the molded foam.Temperatures ranging from about 100° to about 200° F., preferably fromabout 140° to about 180° F., can be used. Depending upon the temperatureused and the amount of annealing required, annealing times ranging fromabout 2 to about 48 hours, preferably from about 4 to about 24 hours,can be employed.

A great advantage of this process for the manufacture of moldablethermoplastic polymer foam beads, such as crosslinked polyolefin foambeads, is that commercially available raw materials and relativelysimple and inexpensive equipment are utilized. In this respect, a smallcrosslinked polyolefin foam bead facility may be set up at the moldingsite, thereby eliminating the high cost of shipping the bulking foambeads. Another advantage is that the molder need manufacture only asmuch material for molding as presently required, eliminating the largerstorage areas typically required for the storage of large bulkshipments. The molder may manufacture the beads to the specificationsrequired as needed, such as level of crosslinking, density, color, etc.This process does not require the use of an autoclave-type pressurereactor for the manufacture of moldable polyolefins, nor does it utilizea premolding pressurizing step to impart expandability to the beads.This process does not require the use of a high-energy radiation sourcefor the crosslinking. The degree of crosslinking throughout the beadswill be more consistent using a heat activated crosslinking agent in thepolyolefin or silane crosslinkages as the crosslinking sites are welldispersed throughout the polyolefin in the extruder while, with the useof radiation crosslinking, the effect tends to penetrate just slightlybelow the surface and not throughout the whole foam particle. The use ofhigh energy radiation, such as electron beams or X-rays, also requirescertain safety precautions to be observed, which makes this method ofcrosslinking disadvantageous.

The extruders suitable for use with the methods of the present inventioncan best be understood by first referring to FIG. 1, which shows aconventional foam extruder 10 known to the prior art. The extruder has abarrel 12 equipped with a central primary flow passage 14. An entrance16 equipped with a hopper 18 is provided at one end of the extruder tofacilitate introduction of materials into the primary flow passage. Thebarrel is generally heated to a temperature sufficient to melt thematerial being extruded, and the molten extrudate is forced through theprimary flow passage by means of a feedscrew 20. An injection port 22 isprovided for introducing a blowing agent into the molten mixture.

The barrel terminates in a die 24 which determines the shape or form ofthe extrudate. One or more cooling passages 26 are provided in thevicinity of the die, each having an inlet and an outlet. A suitablefluid, which is preferably maintained at a predetermined temperature, ispassed continuously through the cooling passages to cool the moltenmixture before it is extruded. The feedscrew forces the cooled moltenmixture through an inlet passage 28 and into the die, where it exits thedie orifice 30 as a foam.

FIGS. 2 and 3 show the extruder dies suitable for use with methods A-Cof the present invention. These extruder dies are similar in mostrespects to that shown in FIG. 1. However, in addition to a centralprimary flow channel 32, the extruder dies of FIGS. 2-3 are furtherprovided with a secondary flow channel 34 which can accommodate anysecondary material capable of flowing at the normal extrusiontemperatures of the thermoplastic. Such secondary materials have beenpreviously discussed and may include any material that can enhance theproperties of the extrudate. One example of such a material is"Aero-Gel" which has excellent insulation properties.

The thermoplastic and secondary material are cut and sealed into anencapsulated bead 36 by a knife or other cutting means 38. The point atwhich the thermoplastic and secondary material meet may be varied toachieve a desired result. Thus, in FIG. 2, the plastic and secondarymaterial meet at the die orifice 40 where they are combined as they arepassing through the cutting means. In FIG. 3, however, the plastic andsecondary material meet at the interchange 42 within the primary flowchannel where they are combined before passing through the cuttingmeans.

If Method A is used, the silane grafted polyolefin and catalyst alongwith any other necessary or desired additive are dry blended and thenconveyed to the hopper, where they are gravity fed into the primary flowchannel. If method B is used, the polyolefin resin and chemicalcrosslinking agent, along with any other necessary or desired additive,are dry blended and then conveyed to the hopper.

Inside the extruder, the blended material is conveyed through theprimary flow channel by means of a feedscrew. The extruder is equippedwith heating means so that, as the blend is being pushed through theprimary flow channel by the feed screw, it begins to melt. At a certainpoint along the primary flow channel, the plastic components of theblend become fully melted, at which point the blowing agent is injectedinto the blend. The resin/additive/blowing agent admixture iscontinuously mixed as it is conveyed through the extruder, until itreaches the point at which it is extruded.

FIG. 4 shows schematically the general outlay of the extrusion andtreatment apparatus used with Methods A-C of the present invention. Theextruder is equipped with a pelletizer 44 which is provided with a highpressure pump 46. The high pressure pump supplies a temperaturecontrolled fluid, such as water or oil, to the cutting chamber of thepelletizer, and allows the admixture to be extruded under a pressurethat is sufficient to prevent foaming of the extrudate.

The pelletizer has a die face with many small holes. The foamableadmixture is extruded through these holes and cut by a rapidly rotatingknife or other cutting means which cuts the extrudate into small beads.If a cylindrical rotor containing one or more blades is used, the holeson the die are arranged in a straight line so that they can be cut bythe rotor at its closest point to the die. If a propeller-type knife isused, the holes on the die are arranged in a circle so that theextrudate will be cut as the knife rotates about its center axis.Because the rate at which the foam emerges from the die is not easilycontrolled, the size of the beads is determined by size of the holes onthe die plate and the speed of the rotating knife.

Referring again to FIG. 4, the beads are maintained under a sufficientpressure to prevent foaming while they are cut at the die face and untilthey are expelled from the apparatus. If the thermoplastic polymer beadsrequire crosslinking after they leave the cutting chamber of thepelletizer, as in Methods A and B, they are first suspended in asuitable heated media such as water and are passed through acrosslinking zone 48. The crosslinking zone is sized to allow forsufficient time for the beads to achieve the desired level ofcrosslinking. Once the beads have been crosslinked to the desired level,they are passed in the fluid media into an annealing or temperatureregulator zone 50. Parameters such as the rheology of the thermoplasticpolymer/blowing agent admixture or its rheology after crosslinking, ifrequired, and final foam density dictate the optimum foamingtemperature.

If the thermoplastic polymer beads do not require crosslinking, thenMethod C is used and the beads are passed directly into the annealing ortemperature regulator zone where the temperature of the beads isadjusted to achieve the optimum foaming temperature.

Once the beads are at the desired foaming temperature, they are expelledthrough discharge valve 52 into a zone of lower pressure where theyundergo expansion. A water separator and cooling system is used to cooland dry the beads. The beads are then collected in a bin where they canbe drawn out pneumatically or by other suitable means and conveyed to acollection means, preferably a bag or some other suitable container. Theexpanded beads remain in storage until they are needed for molding.

FIG. 5 shows a die usable with Method D. The die is composed of aprimary flow channel 54 and secondary flow channels 56, 56'. Thecrosslinking zones and annealing zones are both incorporated into thesecondary flow channels, so that the molten polymer is crosslinked andits temperature is modulated before it exits the die and is cut.

Plastic flows from an extruder into the primary flow channel, and thenforward into the secondary flow channels. At or near the area where themolten plastic enters the secondary flow channel, a lubricant fluid,such as water or another suitable lubricant, can be injected into thesecondary flow channel by means of first injection ports 58, 58'. Thelubricant fluid forms a fluid film between the molten plastic and thesurface of the secondary flow channel. As molten plastic flows throughthe secondary flow channel, it passes into a first temperaturemodulation zone 60 where its temperature is modulated by a heat transferfluid that is injected through second injection ports 62, 62' and flowsthrough first die passages 64, 64'. The first temperature modulationzone can either promote crosslinking in the molten plastic or enhanceits foaming abilities.

As the molten plastic progresses through the die past the firsttemperature modulation zone, it enters a second temperature modulationzone 66 where its temperature is modulated by a heat transfer fluid thatis injected through third injection ports 72' and flows through seconddie passages 74, 74'. The temperature of the second temperaturemodulation zone modulates the temperature of the molten plastic to makeit more effective at foaming.

Once the molten plastic is at the desired temperature, it is extrudedthrough the die orifice 76, 76' and into a zone of lower pressure, whichmay be ambient pressure, where it is cut into pellets by a knife 78 andexpands into foam beads 80. The length of the first and secondtemperature modulation zones can be varied to achieve a desired effect,taking into account such factors as the type of polymer used, thepolymer flow rate, the amount of crosslinking desired, thecross-sectional dimensions of the secondary flow channel, the amount ofheat that must be transferred to, or taken from the polymer,-and othersuch considerations.

If the thermoplastic polymer is a material, such as a polyolefin foam,that requires crosslinking, the material should be crosslinked at leastenough to make the foam beads thermally stable in the molding process.Higher proportions of crosslinking can be used to produce beads andmolded objects having firmer textures. Generally, the percentagecrosslinking or gel content should range from about 5 to about 85percent, preferably from about 8 to about 60 percent, as measured byASTM D-2765.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples serve to give specific illustrations of thepractice of this invention but they are not intended n any way to act tolimit the scope of this invention. The numbered examples represent thepresent invention.

The following designations used in the examples and elsewhere in thepresent application have the following meanings:

    ______________________________________                                        ABBREVIATION   DEFINITION                                                     ______________________________________                                        pcf            pounds per cubic foot                                          rpm            revolutions per minute                                         °F.     temperature (Fahrenheit)                                       dg/min.        melt index, decigrams per minute                               g/cc           density, grams per cubic centimeter                            L/D            length to diameter ratio                                       "              inches                                                         psig           pounds per square inch, gage                                   g, gm          grams                                                          hrs.           hours                                                          min.           minutes                                                        ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 1

As a specific example of materials suitable for the practice of thepresent invention, a Union Carbide grafted crosslinkable polyethyleneresin no. DFDA-1596 which has a melt index of 1.5 dg/min. and a densityof 0.920 gm/cc, is blended with a Union Carbide catalyst masterbatchpolyethylene resin no. DFDA-1173 NT which has a melt index of 2.0dg/min. and a density of 0.920 gm/cc and a Union Carbide low densitypolyethylene resin no. DNDA 4140 which has a melt index of 2.0 dg/min.and a density of 0.920 gm/cc at a ratio of 40 parts by weight of theDFDA-1596, 3 parts by weight of the DFDA-1173 NT, and 57 parts by weightof the DFDA-4140. The resin blend is further blended with mono-anddiglyceride, a stability control agent sold by Witco under the tradename of Atmos 150, at 1.4 parts by weight per hundred parts by weight ofresin. The blend is fed into the hopper of the extruder. The blowingagent comprising of isobutane is fed into the extruder through theblowing agent injection port at a concentration of approximately 12parts per 100 parts of the resin blend. The temperature in the zone ofthe extruder just prior to the point of entry of the blowing agent maybe maintained at about 150° C. The molten polymer and blowing agent arethoroughly mixed and the molten admixture is forwarded through thepelletizer having a die with round holes of the desired size of theextrudate bead diameter. The extrudate is cut immediately at the dieface by rapidly rotating rotor blades. The size of the cut beads dependsupon the speed of the cutter and upon the speed with which the extrudateis coming from the die. By changing the speed of the cutter, the size ofthe beads can be regulated. The extrudate beads are kept undersufficient pressure to prevent appreciable expansion of the beads by theblowing agent which is dissolved or encapsulated in them and the beadsare suspended in water to form a slurry. The beads/water slurry movethrough a crosslinking zone where the water temperature is heated. Bythe time the beads reach the end of crosslinking zone they aresufficiently crosslinked to achieve improved properties of the beadsonce they are expanded.

The crosslinked beads then pass through a temperature regulator zonewhere the temperature of the beads is regulated to the proper foamingtemperature (about 210° F.). The beads are then expelled through arotary type valve into ambient pressure and temperature. The suddenrelease of pressure causes the beads to expand. Once expanded the beadsare cooled, dried, and collected in a container. The foam must becrosslinked before foaming to enhance its foamed properties and so thatit does not collapse when exposed to pressurized steam during molding.Several suppliers of the moisture curable, silane-crosslinkedpolyethylene compounds have been found and these products aremanufactured using the technology described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,646,166.

The crosslinked polyethylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" anda density of approximately 2.0 pcf. Beads of smaller diameters can beproduced through the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speed.

EXAMPLE 2

The following is another example of materials suitable for the practiceof the present invention. A mixture of 100 parts by weight ofpolyethylene resin having a melt index of 2.0 dg/min. and a density of0.920 gm/cc, 1.5 parts of a zinc stearate activator, 1.0 parts ofdicumyl peroxide, and 1.4 parts of Atmos 150 per 100 parts of resin, ispreblended and fed into the hopper of the extruder. The blowing agent,which comprises isobutane, is fed into the extruder through the blowingagent injection port at a concentration of approximately 12 parts per100 parts of polyethylene. The temperature in the zone of the extruderjust prior to the point of entry of the blowing agent may be maintainedat about 150° C. The molten polymer and blowing agent are thoroughlymixed and the molten admixture is forwarded through the pelletizer andcut immediately at the die face as in Example 1. Again, the extrudatebeads are kept under sufficient pressure to prevent appreciableexpansion of the beads by the blowing agent which is dissolved orencapsulated in them, and the beads are suspended in water to form aslurry. The beads/water slurry moves through a crosslinking zone wherethe water is heated. By the time the beads reached the end ofcrosslinking zone they are sufficiently crosslinked to achieve improvedproperties of the beads once they are expanded.

The crosslinked beads then pass through a temperature regulator zonewhere the beads' temperature is regulated to the proper foamingtemperature (about 210° F.) and they are expelled through a rotary typevalve into ambient pressure and temperature. The sudden release ofpressure causes the beads to expand. Once expanded the beads are cooled,dried, and collected in a container.

The crosslinked polyethylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" anda density of approximately 2.0 pcf. Beads of smaller diameters can beproduced through the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speed.

EXAMPLE 3

As another example of materials suitable for the practice of the presentinvention, 100 parts by weight of the blend of DFDA-1596, DFDA-1173 NT,and DFDA-4140 in Example 1 is preblended with 1.4 parts by weight ofAtmos 150, and 16 parts by weight of resin of a heat activated chemicalblowing agent. The blend is fed into the hopper of the extruder. Themolten polymer and heat activated blowing agent are thoroughly mixed andthe molten admixture is forwarded through the pelletizer and cutimmediately at the die face as in Example 1. Again, the extrudate beadsare kept under sufficient pressure to prevent appreciable expansion ofthe beads by the blowing agent which is dissolved or encapsulated inthem and the beads are suspended in water to form a slurry. Thebeads/water slurry move through a crosslinking zone where the water isheated. By the time the beads reach the end of crosslinking zone theyare sufficiently crosslinked to achieve improved properties of the beadsonce they are expanded.

The crosslinked beads then pass through a temperature regulator zonewhere the temperature of the beads is regulated to the proper foamingtemperature (about 210° F.) and they are expelled through a rotary typevalve into ambient pressure and temperature. The sudden release ofpressure causes the beads to expand. Once expanded, the beads arecooled, dried, and collected in a container.

The crosslinked polyethylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" anda density of approximately 2.0 pcf. Beads of smaller diameters can beproduced through the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speeds.

EXAMPLE 4

As yet another example of materials suitable for the practice of thepresent inventions, 100 parts by weight of the polyethylene resin inExample 2 is preblended with an 1.5 parts of an activator, 1.0 parts ofdicumyl peroxide and 16 parts of a heat activated chemical blowingagent, and the mixture is fed into the hopper of the extruder. Themolten polymer and blowing agent are thoroughly mixed and the moltenadmixture is forwarded through the pelletizer and cut immediately at thedie face as in Example 1. Again, the extrudate beads are kept undersufficient pressure to prevent appreciable expansion of the beads by theblowing agent which is dissolved or encapsulated in them, and the beadsare suspended in water to form a slurry. The beads/water slurry movethrough a crosslinking zone where the water is heated. By the time thebeads reach the end of crosslinking zone they are sufficientlycrosslinked to achieve improved properties of the beads once they areexpanded.

The crosslinked beads then pass through a temperature regulator zonewhere the temperature of the beads is regulated to the proper foamingtemperature (about 210° F.) and they are expelled through a rotary typevalve into ambient pressure and temperature. The sudden release ofpressure causes the beads to expand. Once expanded the beads are cooled,dried, and collected in a container.

The crosslinked polyethylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" anda density of approximately 2.0 pcf. Beads of smaller diameters can beproduced through the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speeds.

EXAMPLE 5

As still another example of materials suitable for the practice of thepresent invention, 100 parts by weight of polypropylene resin producedby HIMONT and designated SD-632 is preblended with 0.02 parts of talc byweight per hundred parts of resin. The blend is fed into the hopper ofthe extruder. The blowing agent, which comprises isobutane, is fed intothe extruder through the blowing agent injection port at a concentrationof approximately 12 parts per 100 parts of the resin blend. Thetemperature in the zone of the extruder just prior to the point of entryof the blowing agent may be maintained at about 200° C. The moltenpolymer and blowing agent are thoroughly mixed and the molten admixtureis forwarded through the pelletizer having a die with round holes of thedesired size of the extrudate bead diameter. The extrudate is cutimmediately at the die face by rapidly rotating rotor blades. The sizeof the cut beads depend upon the speed of the cutter and upon the speedwith which the extrudate is coming from the die. By changing the speedof the cutter, the size of the beads can be regulated. The extrudatebeads are kept under sufficient pressure to prevent appreciableexpansion of the beads by the blowing agent which is dissolved orencapsulated in them, and the beads are suspended in water to form aslurry. The beads/water slurry moves through a temperature regulatorzone where the temperature of the beads is regulated to the properfoaming temperature and they are expelled through a rotary type valveinto ambient pressure and temperature. The sudden release of pressurecauses the beads to expand. Once expanded, the beads are cooled, dried,and collected in a container. The polypropylene does not have to becrosslinked before foaming.

The polypropylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" and a densityof approximately 2.1 pcf. Beads of smaller diameters can be producedthrough the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speeds.

EXAMPLE 6

As a specific example of practice of the present invention, the resinblend in Example 1 is dry blended with 7 parts of a chlorinatedparaffin, 3 parts of antimony trioxide and 1 part of an ethoxylatedamine, and 1.4 parts by weight of Atmos 150 per 100 parts by weight ofresin, and the blend is fed into the hopper of the extruder. The blowingagent, which comprises isobutane, is fed into the extruder through theblowing agent injection port at a concentration of approximately 12parts per 100 parts of polyethylene. The temperature in the zone of theextruder just prior to the point of entry of the blowing agent may bemaintained at about 150° C. The molten polymer, antistatic agent, flameretardant agent and blowing agent are thoroughly mixed and the moltenadmixture is forwarded through the pelletizer and cut immediately at thedie face as in Example 1. Again, the extrudate beads are kept undersufficient pressure to prevent appreciable expansion of the beads by theblowing agent which is dissolved or encapsulated in them, and the beadsare suspended in water to form a slurry. The beads/water slurry aremoved through a crosslinking zone where the water is heated. By the timethe beads reach the end of crosslinking zone they are sufficientlycrosslinked to achieve improved properties of the beads once they areexpanded.

The crosslinked beads are then passed through a temperature regulatorzone where the temperature of the beads is regulated to the properfoaming temperature (about 210° F.) and they are expelled through arotary type valve into ambient pressure and temperature. The suddenrelease of pressure causes the beads to expand. Once expanded the beadsare cooled, dried, and collected in a container.

The crosslinked polyethylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" anda density of approximately 2.0 pcf. Beads of smaller diameter can beproduced through the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speeds.

EXAMPLE 7

As another example of the practice of the present invention, the resinblend in Example 1 is dry blended with 7 parts 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 3parts antimony trioxide, 1 part ethoxylated amine, and 1.4 parts byweight of Atmos 150 per 100 parts by weight of resin, and the blend isfed into the hopper of the extruder. The blowing agent, which comprisesisobutane, is fed into the extruder through the blowing agent injectionport at a concentrations of approximately 12 parts per 100 parts ofpolyethylene. The temperature in the zone of the extruder just prior tothe point of entry of the blowing agent may be maintained at about 150°C. The molten polymer, antistatic agent, flame retardant agent andblowing agent are thoroughly mixed and the molten admixture is forwardedthrough the pelletizer and cut immediately at the die face as inExample 1. Again, the extrudate beads are kept under sufficient pressureto prevent appreciable expansion of the beads by the blowing agent whichis dissolved or encapsulated in them, and the beads are suspended inwater to form a slurry. The beads/water slurry are moved through acrosslinking zone where the water is heated. By the time the beads reachthe end of crosslinking zone they are sufficiently crosslinked toachieve improved properties of the beads once they are expanded.

The crosslinked beads are then passed through a temperature regulatorzone where the temperature of the beads is regulated to the properfoaming temperature (about 210° F.) and they are expelled through arotary type valve into ambient pressure and temperature. The suddenrelease of pressure causes the beads to expand. Once expanded, the beadsare cooled, dried, and collected in a container.

The crosslinked polyethylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" anda density of approximately 2.0 pcf. Beads of smaller diameters can beproduced through the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speeds.

EXAMPLE 8

As another example of practice of the present invention, the resin blendin Example 1 is mixed with 1.4 parts of Atmos 150 per 100 parts byweight of resin, and the blend is fed into the hopper of the extruder.The blowing agent, which comprises a blend made up of 60 parts by weightof 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC 142b) and 40 parts by weight ofchlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), is fed into the extruder through theblowing agent injection port at a concentration of approximately 18parts per 100 parts of polyethylene. The temperature in the zone of theextruder just prior to the point of entry of the blowing agent may bemaintained at about 150° C. The molten polymer, antistatic agent, flameretardant agent and blowing agent are thoroughly mixed and the moltenadmixture is forwarded through the pelletizer and cut immediately at thedie face as in Example 1. Again, the extrudate beads are kept undersufficient pressure to prevent appreciable expansion of the beads by theblowing agent which is dissolved or encapsulated in them, and the beadsare suspended in water to form a slurry. The beads/water slurry movethrough a crosslinking zone where the water is heated. By the time thebeads reached the end of crosslinking zone they are sufficientlycrosslinked to achieve improved properties of the beads once they areexpanded.

The crosslinked beads then pass through a temperature regulator zonewhere the temperature of the beads is regulated to the proper foamingtemperature (about 210° F.) and they are expelled through a rotary typevalve into ambient pressure and temperature. The sudden release ofpressure causes the beads to expand. Once expanded the beads are cooled,dried, and collected in a container.

The crosslinked polyethylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" anda density of approximately 2.0 pcf. Beads of smaller diameters can beproduced through the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speeds.

EXAMPLE 9

In a further example of materials suitable for the practice of thepresent invention, the resin blend in Example 1 is mixed with 1.4 partsof Atmos 150 per 100 parts by weight of resin, and the blend is fed intothe hopper of the extruder. The blowing agent, which comprises a blendmade up of 8% of propane on a molar basis, 26% of n-butane on a molarbasis and 66% of isobutane on a molar basis, is fed into the extruderthrough the blowing agent injection port at a concentration ofapproximately 12 parts per 100 parts of polyethylene. The temperature inthe zone of the extruder just prior to the point of entry of the blowingagent may be maintained at about 150° C. The molten polymer, antistaticagent, flame retardant agent and blowing agent are thoroughly mixed andthe molten admixture is forwarded through the pelletizer and cutimmediately at the die face as in Example 1. Again, the extrudate beadsare kept under sufficient pressure to prevent appreciable expansion ofthe beads by the blowing agent which is dissolved or encapsulated inthem, and the beads are suspended in water to form a slurry. Thebeads/water slurry moves through a crosslinking zone where the water isheated. By the time the beads reached the end of crosslinking zone theyare sufficiently crosslinked to achieve improved properties of the beadsonce they are expanded.

The crosslinked beads then pass through a temperature regulator zonewhere the temperature of the beads is regulated to the proper foamingtemperature (about 210° F.) and they are expelled through a rotary typevalve into ambient pressure and temperature. The sudden release ofpressure causes the beads to expand. Once expanded the beads werecooled, dried, and collected in a container.

The crosslinked polyethylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" anda density of approximately 2.0 pcf. Beads of smaller diameters can beproduced through the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speeds.

EXAMPLE 10

In a further example of materials suitable for the practice of thepresent invention, the resin blend in Example 1 is mixed with 1.4 partsof Atmos 150 per 100 parts by weight of resin, and the blend is fed intothe hopper of the extruder. The blowing agent, which comprises a1,1-difluoroethane(HFC-152a), is fed into the extruder through theblowing agent injection port at a concentration of approximately 18parts per 100 parts of polyethylene. The temperature in the zone of theextruder just prior to the point of entry of the blowing agent may bemaintained at about 150° C. The molten polymer, antistatic agent, flameretardant agent and blowing agent are thoroughly mixed, and the moltenadmixture is forwarded through the pelletizer and cut immediately at thedie face as in Example 1. Again, the extrudate beads are kept undersufficient pressure to prevent appreciable expansion of the beads by theblowing agent which is dissolved or encapsulated in them, and the beadsare suspended in water to form a slurry. The beads/water slurry movesthrough a crosslinking zone where the water is heated. By the time thebeads reach the end of crosslinking zone they are sufficientlycrosslinked to achieve improved properties of the beads once they areexpanded.

The crosslinked beads then pass through a temperature regulator zonewhere the temperature of the beads is regulated to the proper foamingtemperature (about 210° F.), and they are expelled through a rotary typevalve into ambient pressure and temperature. The sudden release ofpressure causes the beads to expand. Once expanded, the beads arecooled, dried, and collected in a container.

The crosslinked polyethylene beads produced have a diameter of 0.25" anda density of approximately 2.0 pcf. Beads of smaller diameters can beproduced through the use of smaller holes and faster cutter speeds.

The above examples illustrate that crosslinked polyolefin foam beadssuitable for molding can be produced by the extrusion of polyolefin typeresins containing blowing agents, each as described above in thespecification. However, these examples are not intended to be limiting,and it will be appreciated that variations and modifications may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, thescope of the present invention should be construed solely by referenceto the appended claims.

I claim as my invention:
 1. A method for producing moldablethermoplastic polymer foam beads, comprising the steps of:a. mixing acomposition comprising a thermoplastic polymer in an extruder to form amelt; b. injecting a blowing agent into said melt at a rate effective toproduce a predetermined foam density, to form an admixture; c. extrudingsaid admixture into a first pressure zone to form foamable beads,wherein said pressure zone has sufficient pressure to preventappreciable expansion of said beads and said foamable beads compriseblowing agent to further foam said beads; d. adjusting the temperatureof said beads in said first pressure zone to a suitable foamingtemperature; and e. expelling said temperature adjusted beads from saidfirst pressure zone into a second pressure zone of lower pressure thansaid first pressure zone, causing said beads to expand into foamedbeads.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymercomprises a crosslinkable, silane-modified polyolefin.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the composition further comprises a silanolcondensation catalyst.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the compositionis crosslinkable.
 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising the stepof:exposing the beads in said first pressure zone to moisture to inducesilane crosslinking in the beads.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein thethermoplastic polymer comprises a polyolefin and a chemical crosslinkingagent.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the stepof:adjusting the temperature of the beads to induce crosslinking in thepolyolefin.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymeris a polyolefin resin comprising a polymer selected from the groupconsisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene-1 andpolyisobutene.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the blowing agentcomprises an inert gas.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the blowingagent comprises a gas selected from the group consisting of:nitrogen,argon, neon, and helium.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the blowingagent comprises a halogenated hydrocarbon.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein the blowing agent comprises a compound selected from the groupconsisting of:trichlorofluoromethane(CFC-11);dichlorodifluoromethane(CFC-12); dichlorotetrafluoroethane(CFC-114);difluorotetrachloroethane(CFC-122); chlorodifluoromethane(HCFC-22);1,1-dichloro 2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123); 1-chloro-1,2,2, 2tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124); 1,1,2,2,2,-pentafluoroethane (HCFC-125);1,2,2,2,-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a); 1,1-dichloro 1-monofluoroethane(HCFC-141b); 1,-chloro-1,1,-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b);1,1,-difluoroethane (HFC-152a); ethyl chloride; methyl bromide; carbontetrachloride; chloroform; ethylene dichloride; methylene chloride;1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane; and methyl chloride.
 13. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the blowing agent comprises a compoundselected from the group consisting of:acetylene, ammonia, butadiene,butane, butene, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, cyclopropane,dimethylamine, 2-2-dimethyl propane, ethane, ethylene, n-butane,isobutane, isobutylene, methane, monomethylamine, propane, propylene andtrimethylamine.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the blowing agentcomprises a hydrocarbon.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the blowingagent comprises a compound selected from the group consistingof:isopentane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, pentene, 4-methylpentene, and hexene.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the blowingagent comprises an ester.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the blowingagent comprises an ether.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the blowingagent comprises diethyl ether.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein theblowing agent comprises an alcohol.
 20. The method of claim 19, whereinthe blowing agent is selected from the group consisting of methanol andethanol.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the blowing agent comprisesa ketone.
 22. The method of claim 12, wherein the blowing agent isselected from the group consisting of acetone and methyl ethyl ketone.23. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical blowing agent comprisesa heat activated chemical blowing agent.
 24. The method of claim 14,wherein the heat activated chemical blowing agent is selected from thegroup consisting of:azodicarbonamide; p-toluene sulfonyl hydrazide;dinitrosopentamethylene; mixtures of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid;gypsum; hydrated aluminas such as aluminum trihydrate; and sodiumborohydrate.
 25. The method of claim 1, further comprising the stepof:adding at least one antistatic agent and at least one flame retardantagent to said melt.
 26. The method of claim 1, further comprising thestep of:crosslinking the beads by combining the polyolefin with anadditive comprising a photo-chemical crosslinking agent.
 27. The methodof claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least onestability control agent.
 28. The method of claim 1, in which thestability control agent comprises a fatty acid amide.
 29. The method ofclaim 27, in which the stability control agent comprises an olefinicallyunsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer.
 30. The method of claim 27, inwhich the stability control agent comprises polystyrene.
 31. The methodof claim 27, in which the stability control agent comprises a partialester of a long chain fatty acid and a polyol.
 32. The method of claim27, wherein the stability control agent eliminates the need topressurize the foam beads prior to molding them.
 33. The method of claim27, wherein the foam beads are not pressurized prior to molding them.34. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is selectedfrom the group consisting of:ethylene homopolymers, and copolymers ofethylene and a copolymerizable monomer.
 35. The method of claim 34,wherein the composition further comprises a stability control agentselected from the group consisting of:partial esters of long chain fattyacids with polyols; higher alkyl amines; fatty acid amides; olefinicallyunsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers; and polystyrene.
 36. The methodof claim 35, wherein the blowing agent comprises isobutane.
 37. Themethod of claim 36, wherein the blowing agent is a mixture of from5%-95% isobutane on a molar basis with from 95%-5% of a physical blowingagent selected from the group consisting of:chlorofluorocarbons andfluorocarbons having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, boiling points between-50° and 50° C., and a permeation rate through said olefin polymer resinmodified with said stability control agent of less than about 1.2 timesthe permeation rate of air; a mixture comprising at least 70% isobutaneand having a permeation rate through the composition of greater thanabout 1.2 times the permeation rate of air; and a mixture comprising aphysical blowing agent and having less than 70% isobutane, said mixturehaving a permeation rate through the composition of greater than about1.2 times the permeation rate of air.
 38. A method for producingmoldable thermoplastic polymer foam beads, comprising the stepsof:forming in an extruder a melt comprising a thermoplastic polymer anda photo-chemical crosslinking agent; injecting a blowing agent into themelt at a rate effective to produce a predetermined foam density in themelt when it is extruded; extruding the melt into a first zone ofpressure that is sufficiently high to prevent significant expansion ofthe blowing agent; cutting the extrudate into nonfoamed, foamable beads;conveying the beads through a photo-crosslinking apparatus to producecrosslinking of the beads; adjusting the temperature of the beads to asuitable and effective foaming temperature; and expelling the beads intoa second zone of lower pressure that is sufficiently low to allow thebeads to expand into foamed beads.
 39. A method for producing acrosslinked polyolefin foam, comprising the steps of:mixing acomposition comprising a silane-modified polyolefin and a silanolcondensation catalyst in an extruder to produce a melt; injecting andmixing a blowing agent into the melt at a rate effective to produce adesired foam density once the extrudate is expanded; extruding themolten admixture into a first zone of pressure that is sufficiently highto prevent any significant expansion of the blowing agent; exposing thecrosslinkable foamable extrudate to moisture to produce silanecrosslinking in the extrudate; adjusting the temperature of theextrudate to a suitable and effective foaming temperature; and expellingthe crosslinked extrudate into a second zone of pressure that issufficiently low to allow the extrudate to expand into a foamed product.40. The method of claim 39, further comprising the step of:cutting theextrudate as it is extruded into crosslinkable, non-foamed, foamablepolyolefin beads.
 41. A method for producing a crosslinked polyolefinfoam, comprising the steps of:mixing a composition comprising apolyolefin and a chemical crosslinking agent in an extruder to produce amelt; injecting and mixing a blowing agent into the melt to form amolten admixture, the injection occurring at a rate effective to producea desired foam density once the extrudate is expanded; extruding themolten admixture into a first zone of pressure that is sufficiently highto prevent any significant expansion of the blowing agent; exposing thecrosslinkable, foamable extrudate to sufficient temperatures to inducecrosslinking in the extrudate; adjusting the temperature of theextrudate to a suitable and effective foaming temperature; and expellingthe extrudate to a second zone of pressure that is sufficiently low toallow the extrudate to expand and form a foamed product.
 42. The methodof claim 41, further comprising the step of:cutting the extrudate as itis extruded to form crosslinkable, non-foamed, foamable polyolefinbeads.
 43. A method for producing moldable thermoplastic polymer foambeads, comprising the steps of:mixing a composition comprising athermoplastic polymer in an extruder to form a melt; injecting a blowingagent into the melt at a rate effective to produce a predetermined foamdensity in the melt when it is extruded; extruding the melt intononfoamed, foamable polyolefinic beads; cooling the beads to a lowenough temperature to prevent their expansion; shipping the non-expandedbeads to a remote location; and adjusting the temperature of the beadsat the remote location to a suitable and effective foaming temperature.44. The method of claim 43, further comprising the step of:placing thebeads into a zone of lower pressure that will cause them to expand intofoamed beads.
 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the beads aremaintained in a cooled state when they are shipped to the remotelocation.
 46. The method of claim 1, further comprising the stepof:adjusting the temperature of the beads to a temperature suitable forinducing crosslinking.
 47. The method of claim 5, further comprising thestep of:adjusting the temperature of the beads to a temperature suitablefor inducing silane crosslinking.
 48. The method of claim 1, wherein thepolyolefin comprises a blend or copolymer of polystyrene and one or morepolymers.
 49. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymercomprises a blend or copolymer of at least two polymers selected fromthe group consisting of:polystyrene; ethylene; propylene; butene-1;isobutene; medium density polyethylene; low density polyethylene; linearlow density polyethylene; polypropylene; polybutylene; homopolymers andcopolymers of olefin monomers having from 2 to about 8 carbon atoms; andthe copolymers of ethylene and a monomer selected from the groupconsisting of vinyl acetate, acrylic polymers, methyl acrylic acid, andionomer salts of methyl acrylic acid.
 50. The method of claim 1, whereinthe blowing agent comprises a combination of at least two blowing agentsselected from the group consisting of:nitrogen; argon; neon; helium;trichlorofluoromethane(CFC-11); dichlorodifluoromethane(CFC-12);dichlorotetrafluoroethane(CFC-114); difluorotetrachloroethane(CFC-122);chlorodifluoro-methane(HCFC-22); 1,1-dichloro 2,2,2-trifluoroethane(HCFC-123); 1-chloro-1, 2,2,2 tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124);1,1,2,2,2,-pentafluoroethane (HCFC-125); 1,2,2,2,-tetrafluoroethane(HFC134a); 1,1-dichloro 1-monofluoroethane (HCFC-141b);1,-chloro-1,1,-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b); 1,1,-difluoroethane(HFC-152a); ethyl chloride; methyl bromide; carbon tetrachloride;chloroform; ethylene dichloride; methylene chloride;1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane; methyl chloride; acetylene;ammonia; butadiene; butane; butene; carbon dioxide; nitrous oxide;cyclopropane; dimethylamine; 2-2-dimethyl propane; ethane; ethylene;n-butane; isobutane; isobutylene; methane; monomethylamine; propane;propylene; trimethylamine; isopentane; pentane; hexane; heptane; octane;pentene; 4-methyl pentene; hexene; diethyl ether; methanol; ethanol;acetone; methyl ethyl ketone; azodicarbonamide; p-toluene sulfonylhydrazide; dinitrosopentamethylene; mixtures of sodium bicarbonate andcitric acid; gypsum; hydrated aluminas such as aluminum trihydrate; andsodium borohydrate.
 51. The method of claim 26, wherein the additivefurther comprises a catalyst.
 52. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising the step of:providing retention means for improving theretention of the blowing agent in the foam beads, thereby eliminatingthe need to pressurize the foam beads prior to molding them.
 53. Themethod of claim 52, wherein the retention means is a solubility enhancerthat is blended or copolymerized with the thermoplastic polymer.
 54. Themethod of claim 53, wherein the solubility enhancer is a natural orsynthetic rubber.
 55. Moldable thermoplastic polymer foam beads made inaccordance with claim
 53. 56. The method of claim 53, wherein the foambeads are not pressurized prior to molding them.
 57. The method of claim38, wherein the melt further comprises a catalyst.